What Star Destroyer classes exist in Disney canon?

Within Legends, there are many different Star Destroyer classes - Victory, Interdictor, multiple Imperial class, Super Star Destroyers, etc.

What models are present in the new Disney canon?

Answer

Venator-class

These are the Star Destroyers used in the Clone Wars, seen in the Clone Wars animated series and Revenge of the Sith.

Victory-class

Mentioned in the canon novel Tarkin:

Originally a cramped garrison base deployed from a Victory-class Star destroyer, Sentinel now sprawled in all directions as a result of prefabricated modules that had since been delivered or assembled on site.

^{Tarkin Chapter 2: "Blows Against the Empire"}

Secutor-class

Also mentioned in Tarkin:

The Secutor-class Star Destroyer Conquest hung in fixed orbit above the Carida Imperial Navy Deepdock Facility Two, some half a million kilometers from the eponymous planet.

^{Tarkin Chapter 21: "Dissolution"}

Tector-class

Identified in the short story "The Levers of Power":

Other Star Destroyers in the Imperial line had suffered far worse damage — the Vehement and the Tector-class Harbinger had been destroyed

^{Rise of the Empire "The Levers of Power"}

qaz-class

Mentioned in the canon novel Catalyst:

Krennic inclined his head in acknowledgment. "Preliminary results indicate that the energy released during the test-fire had the destructive power of the combined batteries of a qaz-class Star Destroyer."

^{Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel Chapter 22: "Exit Wounds"}

Imperial-class

The class mostly seen in the original trilogy films. We know they still come in two varities, Imperial I-class and Imperial II-class, at least since the canon comic series Shattered Empire:

Shara Bey: I've got an Imperial-class Star Destroyer at two-two mark six...looks like a deuce.

^{Shattered Empire 3}

Super Star Destroyer

Clearly, the Super Star Destroyer, seen in Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, remains canon.

Resurgent-class

Used by the First Order:

Almost invisible when they first dropped from a port in the side of the immense Resurgent-class Star Destroyer, the four transport vessels were of a proven design.

^{The Force Awakens Chapter 1}

Interdictor cruisers

Although they're not considered Star Destroyers, it's worth remarking that Tarkin introduces three separate varieties of Interdictor ships:

[P]ositioned against a radiant sweep of stars, floated three Interdictor vessels, a Detainer CC-2200, a newer model CC-7700 frigate, and—fresh from deepdock in the Corellia system and as yet untested—an Immobilizer 418.

^{Tarkin Chapter 17: "Zero Defects"}