In The Wheel of Time, the Aes Sedai seem to travel throughout the entire main continent (up to the Aiel Waste), and from what I have seen, have absolutely no concern for money. They also seem to be tasked with bringing back any women with the potential to channel the One Power to the White Tower in Tar Valon.
In the White Tower, the recruited women are trained to use the One Power, and the ones who complete the training go on to be Aes Sedai. This training process can easily take over a decade on its own, depending highly on the ability the woman has with the One Power.
We never hear Moiraine or anyone at the White Tower discuss tuition with the girls that I remember. Given the way Moiraine discusses how few novices they have, and the lack of payment mentioned, I assume that the White Tower pays for the teaching while one is an Novice and Accepted (if not paying for the women afterwords).
I'm thinking the White Tower must have a large amount of money. The only other remotely plausible explanation that comes to mind is Moiraine is rich due to her noble past, and paid for the girls to attend the tower behind the scenes. That seems unlikely to me though.
So to summarize: how did the White Tower/Aes Sedai have so much money?
(I'm not going to lie, this is a blatant rip-off that came into my head when I saw a very similar question about ASOIAF on the Hot Network Questions and realized this is something I've never seen the answer to)
Answer
Banking.
It's revealed in chapter 13 of the prequel New Spring that:
The White Tower has its own bank where many Aes Sedai deposit their annual stipend.
-- source
Banking, in the real world or a fictional one, is a great way to make yourself loads of money.
Trade.
Tar Valon is well situated for trade across the continent - slap bang in between the Borderlands, Andor, Cairhien, and the southern powers, as well as being on both a major river and several major roads. They can be a hub for trade between all those nations and reap the gains in taxes.
Bequests?
I don't recall the books ever mentioning what happens to an Aes Sedai's assets after she dies, but given that most of them are unmarried and childless with no family, the White Tower seems an obvious choice for them to bequeath their money and possessions. Add to that the fact that quite a number of them are personally wealthy, either coming from noble families or making successes out of their Aes Sedai skills (I guess all those Aes Sedai advisors to kings and queens get a respectable salary?) and you've got quite a lot of money flowing into that White Tower bank over time.
Soft power and longevity.
The White Tower is one of the most powerful and influential organisations in the world. It's well known that you don't f*** with an Aes Sedai - even one, let alone the whole pack of them. They can probably get a lot of things without using cash directly.
Last but not least, consider what an ancient institution it is. It's existed, at least in some form, since before the Breaking. How many organisations have survived so many wars and upheavals in the world? I'm guessing none. Just as in the real world, it's easier to become ridiculously wealthy if you have a lot of time to consolidate. That Tar Valon bank is probably the oldest bank in the world, which makes it arguably the most secure - which it probably would be anyway, with hundreds of One Power wielders all around it. Time enough to make a lot of investments and watch them come to fruition, to lose some and surmount the setbacks, to continue sitting on their piles of assets and artefacts as kingdoms and empires rise and fall.
As is often the case with the White Tower, it's helpful to consider the Catholic Church as a real-world analogue. They're both organisations which are older than any countries in the world surrounding them, whose purpose is technically not for profit but which have acquired an awful lot of wealth, with influence and assets all over the world, ...
The same question has been asked on a couple of other forums:
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